AGR 301 :: Lecture10 :: RAPESEED-MUSTARD Brassicas sp.

Brassicas are grown next to peanut in India. Rapeseed-mustard is a common name to three Genera :

    • Brassica
    • Eruca
    • Sinapsis
  • Brassica is more important

Rape seed and mustard field

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/199/490308044_2e9e5e6483.jpg?v=0

Importance of Brassicas in India

  • It is main Rabi season crop in India
  • Green tender plant is used as vegetable
  • Whole seed is for preparing pickles and flavoring vegetables and curries
  • Oil for cooking, frying and pickles
  • Oil is also used for vegetable ghee, hair oil, soap, lubricating oil, and tanning industries
  • Seed & oil have peculiar pungency
    • Due to presence  of glucose sinigrin
  • Oil cake is a cattle feed to be fed at smaller quantity Canola
  • It is a trade name to rapeseed oils which possess
    • <2% erusic acid
    • Solid components  should contain
      • <30 micromoles /g of glucosinolates
  • May be Canadian oil like “Mazola” (maize oil – Corn oil), “Sanola” sunflower oil ( again brand name for PUFA content)
  • Of late refers to ‘generic’ but
    • Those rapeseed varieties metingabove the specification

(Erusic acid causes heart lesions and
Glucosinolates cause thyroid enlargement)
Brassicas grown in India


Taxonomic name

Common name

Hindi

Oil Content

B. Campestris

Turnip rape

Brown sarson

Kali sarson

Var. brown sarson

Brown sarson

Kali sarson

43%

Var. yellow sarson

Yellow sarson

Peeli sarson

45%

Var. toria

Indian rape

Toria

35%

B. napus

Swede, summer, winter rape

Gobhi sarson

Oilseed

B. Juncea

Indian mustard
Mustard

Rai, Raya
Laha

35%

B. toumefortii

Wild mustard

Jungli rai

18%

B. carinata

Ethiopian mustard

Karan rai

Oilseed

B. nigra

Black mustrad

Banarsi rai

29% Condiment

B.Oleratea

 

 

Vegetables

Eruca sativa

Rocket

Taramira

28%

Rapeseed vs. Mustard


Character

Rapeseed (Sarson/Toria/Lahi)

Mustard
(Rai, Raya, Laha)

Plant  height (cm)

45 – 150

90-200

Leaves

Sessile, leaf lamina claps the stalk

Leaves stalked but do not clasp

Siliquae (pod)

Short or thicker

Long & slender

Pollination

Cross pollinated

Self pollinated

Seed coat

Smooth

Rough

Brown sarson vs. Yellow sarson


Character

Brown sarson

Yellow sarson

Leaves

Pale, thin

Dark green and fleshy

Branching

Erect, spreading

Erect

Siliquae (pod)

Thin, narrow

Thick and broad

Seed coat

Dark brown to reddish brown & mucilaginous

Yellow & non mucilaginous

Types of Mustard varieties

http://www.saynotogmos.org/images/canola.jpg  http://farm1.static.flickr.com/155/437182230_9c0006d1d7.jpg?v=1175054122  http://www.nbbd.com/godo/ef/plants1/IndianMustardC.jpg  http://uwadmnweb.uwyo.edu/RenewableResources/staff/images/WildMustardC.gif
  
         Turnip rape                    Yellow sarson              Indian mustard      Wild mustard
   
http://www.africa.upenn.edu/faminefood/images/Brassica_carinata_flowering.jpg    http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/pictures/bras_05.jpg  http://www.primidi.com/images/indian_mustard.jpg
                  
Ethiopian mustard       Black mustard      Indian mustard
        
Origin

  • Rai – China
  • Toria – East Afghanistan
  • Brown sarson – E. Afghanistan & adjoining Indian sub-continent
  • Yellow sarson – N.E. India

Rapeseed: Area cultivated in the world (1997) – (Million ha & million t)


Country

Area

Production

Productivity

India

7.28

8.13

1.12

China

6.74

12.65

1.88

Canada

5.32

9.11

1.71

France

1.41

4.14

2.95

Germany

1.43

5.34

3.73

World

27.80

48.97

1.76

                                                                                    (FAOSTAT, 2006)

 

Rapeseed-Mustard – Indian Scenario


State

Area
( '000 ha)

Production
( '000 t)

Productivity (kg/ha)

Rajasthan

3665.3

4416.9

1205

UP

790.2

907.8

1149

Gujarat

338

456

1349

Haryana

709

792

1117

MP

809.4

847.5

1047

WB

421.5

383

909

Assam

212.5

97

456

Punjab

49

54

1102

India

7276.5

8131.2

1117

(Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, 2005-06)
Brassicas Area in India

  • Till independence area remained constant (2.0million ha)
  • From 50’s area rose steadily
    • Due to increase in irrigated area
    • Increased productivity, varieties and agronomic practices
    • Maximum area was in  6.87 million ha -96-97
  • Major states growing are
    • Rajasthan, UP, Gujarat, Haryana, MP, WB, Assam & Punjab

Climate

  • A crop of temperate
  • Can be in higher elevation of tropics
  • Rabi season crop in India,
    • Sep-Oct to Mar-Apr
  • Temperature range 3 to 40°C
  • Optimum 18-25°C with cool, dry clear weather
  • High RF, high humidity, cloudy atmosphere at flowering undesirable
  • Most susceptible to frost

Season

  • Sowing starts from August ends in November
  • Sowing of rapeseed is ahead of mustard
  • Taramira is sown from mid-Sep to Oct end
  • Region wise season varies

Varieties

  • Mustrad
    • Varuna (T 59), TM 2, TM 4, Seetha
  • Brown sarson
    • KNS 3, KOS 1
  • Yellow sarson
    • PUSA GOLD, YS 93
  • Toria
    • Jawahar Toria, Panchali, TS 29
  • Taramira
    • RTM 13, TMC 1

Soil

  • Varying soil from sandy loam to clay
  • Thrives well in light soil
  • Mustard on any soil but rapeseed in light
  • Well drained soil is more suitable
  • Waterlogging should not be
  • Saline alkaline soils are unsuitable
  • pH 6.5 to 7.5,  neutral soil is ideal

Land preparation

  • Fine seed bed since seeds are small
  • Flat bed to perform ferti cum seed drill

Seed rate & spacing

  • 4-6 kg depending upon seed weight
    • 3-5 g/1000 depending upon crop and variety
  • 30 x 10 to 30 x 15cm
    • 22.2 to 33.3 plants m-2

Sowing

  • Treat the seeds with fungicides well before sowing
  • May be behind the country plough
  • Ferti cum seed drill
  • Depth of sowing 3-4cm
  • Avoid shallow sowing
  • Cover the seeds after sowing
  • Sowing may be on conserved soil moisture

Manuring

  • Oil seed crops removes huge nutrients
  • S is removed in large and needs return
  • General recommendation varies to States
  • 60-40-40 for irrigated
    • Half N 30 DAS
    • If SSP is applied S is taken care, if not
    • 20-40kg elemental sulphur, if soil analyzed with <10ppm
  • 30-20-20 for rainfed (half of irrigated)
    • All basal
  • Nutrient requirement may be calculated by critical concentration
    • 6.07 – 6.62% N in top 2-3rd leaf at 60 DAS
    • 0.408 – 0.412% S in 4-5th leaf from top
  • Integration with biofertlizer ‘Azotobactor’ is desirable

Irrigation

  • Total water requirement - 400mm
  • Moisture at pre-flowering and pod filling stage is critical
    • Two irrigations for mustard
      • One at rosette stage (20-30DAS)
      • Another at siliqua atage (50-60DAS)
    • In light soils three irrigations, the third at 90DAS
  • IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 is optimum

Weed management

  • Dominant weeds
    • Chenpodium album
    • C. murale
    • Convolvulus arvensis
    • Melitotus alba
  • Intercultural operation 5-10days after 1st irrigation
    • Hand hoeing is desirable, it aerates the soil
    • Soil aeration is to conserve soil moisture
  • Herbicides can also be used
    • Pendimethalin pre-emergence 0.5-1.5 kg/ha based on soil
    • Fluchloralin 1.25kg pre-plant incorporation
    • Post emergence Isoproturan 0.75 kg /ha for
      • Wheat+mustard mixed systems

Harvesting maturity

  • Color of leaves, stem and silique turn green to pale yellow
  • Lower silique looks – dried appearance
  • Upper may be green
  • Seeds in the silique makes rattling sound
    • Silique with 2 carpels and a false septum
    • During over maturity the two carpels split and seeds shed
    • Premature harvest leads to shriveled grains

Threshing

    • After sun drying for few hours
    • Beating pods along with the plants
      • Either manually
      • Machine
      • Walking bullocks, or running tractor
    • Cleaning and drying to 8-10% moisture for storage
    • Average yield
      • Irrigated rapeseed                   1.5 to 2.0 t
      • Rainfed rapeseed                   1.0 to 1.5t
      • Irrigated mustard                     2.0 to 2.5 t
      • Rainfed mustard                     1.5 to 2.0t

Cropping systems

    • Fallow / millets / pulses – mustard
    • Rice – rapeseed
    • Intercroppings
      • Mustard + chickpea
      • Mustard + sugarcane
      • Mustard + barley / wheat / chickpea
      • Potato + mustard

Multiple choice questions

  1. Total production of rapeseed-mustard in the world is _________m tonnes
    a. 25.15                                 b. 35.15                       c.45.15
  2. Total production of rapeseed-mustard in India is _________m tonnes
    a. 8.15                                   b. 6.96                         c.9.15
  3. The peculiar pungency of rapeseed-mustard is due to the presence of _____
    a. erusic acid                         b. sinigrin                   c. Glucosinolates
  4. Oil content of Brassica juncea is ______
    a. 45 %                                  b. 43 %                        c. 35 %
  5. Oil content of Brassica campestris Var.yellow sarson is ______
    a. 45 %                                  b. 43 %                        c. 35 %
  6. Oil content of Brassica campestris Var.brown sarson is ______
    a. 45 %                                  b. 43 %                        c. 35 %
  7. Seed rate of rapeseed-mustard is _______ kg/ha
    a. 6 - 8                                   b. 4 - 6                         c. 2 – 4
  8. Spacing recommended for rapeseed-mustard is _______
    a. 35 x 15 – 20 cm                b. 30 x 15 – 20 cm      c. 30 x 10 – 15 cm
  9. Fertilizer dose for irrigated rapeseed-mustard is _______ kg NPK /ha
    a. 60-40-40                            b. 30-20-20                  c. 40-20-20
  10. Fertilizer dose for rainfed rapeseed-mustard is _______ kg NPK /ha
    a. 60-40-40                            b. 30-20-20                 c. 40-20-20
  11. Rate of sulphur recommended for rapeseed-mustard is _______ kg /ha
    a. 10-20                                 b. 20-40                       c. 30-40
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